Table 1. Estimated effects of L1 groups, word classes, acoustic cues, and interactions on perceived prominence

Variable est. SE z p-value
(intercept) –2.63 0.10 –25.46 <0.01**
L1 groups
Korean 0.15 0.15 0.99 0.32
word classes
content word 1.29 0.06 20.38 <0.01**
acoustic cues
F0 0.39 0.04 9.30 <0.01**
duration 0.84 0.04 20.12 <0.01**
intensity 0.11 0.05 2.43 <0.05*
L1 groups: word classes
Korean: content word 0.62 0.09 7.15 <0.01**
word classes: acoustic cues
content word: F0 0.15 0.04 3.38 <0.01**
content word: duration –0.19 0.04 –4.36 <0.01**
content word: intensity –0.22 0.05 –4.59 <0.01**
L1 groups: acoustic cues
Korean: F0 0.11 0.04 2.66 <0.01**
Korean: duration –0.11 0.04 –2.85 <0.01**
Korean: intensity –0.14 0.04 –3.08 <0.01**