Table 3. The summary of partial correlation tests between Variable 1 (L1 or L2 Gradiency) and Variable 2 (acoustic coefficients). L2 proficiency was a control variable

	L1 Gradiency (Var 1)
Var 2	Estimate	p-value
L1 VOT coeff. (/d/–/t/)	.37	.111
L1 f0 coeff. (/d/–/t/)	–.12	.59

	L2 Gradiency (Var 1)
L2 VOT coeff. (/t/–/th/)	–.22	.33
L2 f0 coeff. (/t/–/th/)	.29	.21