Table 3. Results from the linear mixed-effect models and final model formulae

	F0			VOT			%-Voicing
	Estimate	SE	t-value	Estimate	SE	t-value	Estimate	SE	t-value
(intercept)	10.9	0.5	22.3***	22.6	1.3	17.3***	28.9	3.1	9.1***
Stop	1.1	0.5	2.1*	24.9	2.7	9.3***	–52.2	5.1	–10.0***
Focus	5.7	0.8	7.2***	2.8	1.5	1.9	2.9	5.3	0.55
Gender	11.4	0.8	13.6***	–2.9	2.2	–1.3	–11.1	4.0	–2.7*
Stop×Focus	0.2	1.0	0.2	5.7	3.0	1.9	–2.6	10.3	–0.2
Stop×Gender	–0.2	0.2	–0.7	–9.3	4.5	–2.1	21.0	3.7	5.5***
Gender×Focus	0.0	1.2	0.0	–2.1	1.1	–1.9	–6.1	4.5	–1.3
Stop×Focus×Gender	–0.3	0.3	–1.1	–3.7	2.2	–1.7	8.9	7.5	1.1

Note. See below for the final model formulae.
F0∼Stop×Focus×Gender+(1+Stop+Focus|speaker)+(1|item).
VOT∼Stop×Focus×Gender+(1+Stop|speaker)+(1|item).
% Voicing∼Stop×Focus×Gender+(1+Focus|speaker)+(1+Gender|item).
p<0.05,
p<.001.