Appendix 1. Individual’s mean VOTs and their ranges / SDs (in parentheses) for each stop category
| Group | Spkr. | Gender | Aspirated | Lax | Tense | Masp-lax | Post hoc Tukey |
| No LOR | 1 | F1 | 94 (68-131/17) | 72 (41-100/15) | 13 (7-30/5) | 22 | Asp>Lax>Ten |
| 2 | F2 | 119 (89-145/15) | 111(87-146/16) | 14 (7-28/7) | 8 | Asp=Lax>Ten |
| 3 | F3 | 87 (69-103/8) | 81 (57-102/12) | 14 (9-21/3) | 6 | Asp=Lax>Ten |
| 4 | F4 | 70 (44-102/14) | 60 (34-86/13) | 15 (7-30/7) | 10 | Asp=Lax>Ten |
| 5 | F5 | 92 (71-129/14) | 96 (84-110/7) | 11 (6-21/5) | -4 | Asp=Lax>Ten |
| 6 | F6 | 65 (28-94/21) | 65 (36-136/20) | 14 (6-23/5) | 0 | Asp=Lax>Ten |
| 7 | F7 | 77 (46-111/15) | 74 (50-96/12) | 14 (4-27/8) | 3 | Asp=Lax>Ten |
| 8 | M1 | 63 (45-82/9) | 49 (33-61/6) | 17 (10-26/4) | 14 | Asp>Lax>Ten |
| 9 | M2 | 71 (49-124/17) | 33 (14-57/12) | 14 (5-29/6) | 38 | Asp>Lax>Ten |
| 10 | M3 | 82 (62-116/15) | 61 (37-92/13) | 19 (9-48/9) | 21 | Asp>Lax>Ten |
| 11 | M4 | 94 (64-124/16) | 73 (44-105/14) | 20 (11-33/6) | 21 | Asp>Lax>Ten |
| 12 | M5 | 97 (79-128/13) | 86 (57-109/15) | 16 (10-31/6) | 11 | Asp>Lax>Ten |
| 13 | M6 | 68 (38-90/12) | 70 (35-90/13) | 14 (8-24/5) | -2 | Asp=Lax>Ten |
| N=13 | | 82 (28-145/21) | 71 (14-146/23) | 15 (4-48/6) | | |
| Short LOR | 14 | F1 | 42 (29-56//8) | 37 (14-56/11) | 13 (7-21/3) | 5 | Asp=Lax>Ten |
| 15 | F2 | 68 (53-85/9) | 73 (29-94/14) | 13 (6-22/4) | -5 | Asp=Lax>Ten |
| 16 | F3 | 58 (35-85/13) | 46 (29-56/17) | 12 (5-18/3) | 12 | Asp=Lax>Ten |
| 17 | F4 | 110 (85-138/14) | 75 (36-111/16) | 13 (6-22/5) | 35 | Asp>Lax>Ten |
| 18 | F5 | 62 (31-99//16) | 71(45-100/16) | 11 (7-17/2) | -9 | Asp=Lax>Ten |
| 19 | F6 | 85 (61-119/15) | 92 (67-121/14) | 10 (5-24/5) | -7 | Asp=Lax>Ten |
| 20 | F7 | 83 (57-106/15) | 75 (55-96/12) | 15 (9-25/5) | 8 | Asp=Lax>Ten |
| 21 | F8 | 63 (46-83//11) | 36 (17-52/10) | 13(5-25/7) | 27 | Asp>Lax>Ten |
| 22 | M1 | 96 (58-133//21) | 73 (40-101/16) | 15 (10-29/6) | 23 | Asp>Lax>Ten |
| 23 | M2 | 59 (34-84/16) | 57 (29-85/15) | 13 (7-22/4) | 2 | Asp=Lax>Ten |
| 24 | M3 | 108 (90-138/11) | 112 (93-153/17) | 16 (9-28/5) | -4 | Asp=Lax>Ten |
| 25 | M4 | 85 (64-110/13) | 78 (51-100/13) | 10 (5-15/2) | 7 | Asp=Lax>Ten |
| 26 | M5 | 104 (70-143/19) | 77 (49-118/17) | 14 (8-28/5) | 27 | Asp>Lax>Ten |
| N=13 | | 79 (198-143/25) | 69 (14-153/25) | 13 (5-29/5) | | |
| Long LOR | 27 | F1 | 63 (41-85/13) | 71 (48-98/12) | 10 (6-18/4) | -8 | Asp=Lax>Ten |
| 28 | F2 | 67 (39-88/11) | 71 (39-99/17) | 15 (7-31/6) | -4 | Asp=Lax>Ten |
| 29 | F3 | 56 (33-82/14) | 31 (9.7-82/21) | 10 (7-16/2) | 25 | Asp>Lax>Ten |
| 30 | F4 | 78 (41 -126/20) | 80(32-113/16) | 14 (8-24/5) | 2 | Asp=Lax>Ten |
| 31 | F5 | 88 (66-112/13) | 84 (59-110/12) | 17 (7-29/4) | 4 | Asp=Lax>Ten |
| 32 | F6 | 71 (47-112/16) | 65 (31-97/17) | 12 (6-19/7) | 6 | Asp=Lax>Ten |
| 33 | M1 | 110 (92-134/12) | 82 (55-111/13) | 16 (9-38/7) | 28 | Asp>Lax>Ten |
| 34 | M2 | 87 (58-121/17) | 50 (25-79/16) | 18 (6-43/11) | 37 | Asp>Lax>Ten |
| 35 | M3 | 89 (55-139/19) | 56 (17-80/19) | 20 (10-31/6) | 33 | Asp>Lax>Ten |
| 36 | M4 | 81 (54-104/12) | 57 (38-77/12) | 15 (11-22/3) | 24 | Asp>Lax>Ten |
| 37 | M5 | 77 (53-113/16) | 44 (20-78/17) | 18 (9-27/6) | 33 | Asp>Lax>Ten |
| 38 | M6 | 92 (73-115/14) | 69 (40-89/14) | 15 (8-25/6) | 23 | Asp>Lax>Ten |
| 39 | M7 | 82 (62-128/12) | 75 (55-94/9) | 10 (8-19/3) | 7 | Asp>Lax>Ten |
| N=13 | | 80 (32-139/20) | 64 (9-113/21) | 14 (65-43/7) | | |
| Total | N=39 | Mean | 81 (28-145/22) | 68 (10-153/23) | 14 (4-48/6) | | |
VOT, voice onset time; LOR, length of residence in America.