Table 1. Participant background information (means) (standard deviations & ranges in parentheses)

Variables	Korean learners of English (n=45)	Native English controls (n=9)
Age (yrs.)	22.3 (2.2; 19–27)	32.6 (11.3; 21–53)
Gender	17M; 37F	7M; 2F
AOL (yrs.)	9 (2.1; 7–14)	23.9 (4.9; NA-32)
LOL (yrs.)	11.3 (2.9; 6–20)	9.5 (19.98; 0–19)
LOR (yrs.)	None	8 (7.6; 0.4–20)
VST	7,484 (1,113.9; 5,700–10,300)	NA

AOL, age of beginning to learn English/Korean; LOL, length of experience learning English/Korean; LOR, length of residence in English-speaking countries/Korea; VST, The vocabulary size test scores; NA, not applicable.