Table 3. Fixed effects for the combined model (Experiment 2)

Term	β	SE	z-value	p-value	95% CI
(Intercept)	0.460	0.414	1.11	.266	[–0.351, 1.270]
Spectral step	1.054	0.102	10.38	<.001	[0.855, 1.253]
Duration step	0.584	0.061	9.60	<.001	[0.465, 0.704]
Accent=Korean	–0.503	0.199	–2.52	.012	[–0.893, –0.112]
Group=Native	–0.558	0.267	–2.09	.036	[–1.081, –0.036]
Talker 2	0.403	0.114	3.53	<.001	[0.179, 0.627]
Talker 3	–1.189	0.117	–10.14	<.001	[–1.419, –0.959]
Talker 4	1.278	0.117	10.94	<.001	[1.049, 1.508]
List	–0.352	0.266	–1.32	.186	[–0.873, 0.169]
Spectral step×Duration step	0.007	0.013	0.52	.602	[–0.019, 0.033]
Spectral step×Accent=Korean	0.055	0.078	0.70	.485	[–0.098, 0.208]
Duration step×Accent=Korean	0.067	0.045	1.51	.131	[–0.020, 0.155]
Spectral step×Group=Native	1.092	0.202	5.40	<.001	[0.695, 1.488]
Duration step×Group=Native	–0.585	0.121	–4.82	<.001	[–0.823, –0.347]
Accent=Korean×Group=Native	–0.201	0.399	–0.50	.614	[–0.983, 0.581]
Spectral step×Duration step×Accent=Korean	–0.003	0.027	–0.12	.904	[–0.055, 0.049]
Spectral step×Duration step×Group=Native	–0.046	0.027	–1.73	.084	[–0.099, 0.006]
Spectral step×Accent=Korean×Group=Native	–0.017	0.156	–0.11	.913	[–0.323, 0.289]
Duration step×Accent=Korean×Group=Native	0.141	0.089	1.58	.115	[–0.034, 0.316]
Spectral step×Duration step×Accent=Korean×Group=Native	0.058	0.053	1.09	.274	[–0.046, 0.162]

Talker was sum-coded with Talker 1 as the reference level.